Azerf, Takatut d Tilisa

Aqbal n usafar n usefsax n Code Noir deg Assemblée nationale yettmekti-d belli kra n yiḍrisen ɣummen zik-nni. Maca ugur ur yelli ara d takatut kan: deg tsertiyin n umuddu, deg iḥebsan n Libya, deg uqmaɛ n Sahel, azerf mazal-it yettseggem amek ara ttwali tudert: kra tettuḥrez, kra tettwaɛassa, kra tettuɣal d tameẓla.

Ass n 28 mayyu 2026, Assemblée nationale tafransist tqbel asafar n usefsax n Code Noir, aḍris akulunyal i yessuddes lɛubudiya deg temdinin tafransisin. Tigawt-a tesɛa azal amezwaru n uzamul. Tusa-d seld 25 n iseggasen seg lqanun Taubira n 2001, i yessawḍen ad yili wassuf n tɣiwant n lɛubudiya d tkerḍa mgal tamdanit. Tettmekti-d daɣen ayen yeḥzen: tazwara tazertit tezmer ad tekkes tagnit s tidet, ad tesneɛtab arraz-is, maca ad teǧǧ deg uzerf-is amkan n lxeddma n zik.

Ilaq lḥader: aqbal n Assemblée nationale ur ilaq ara ad yettwafhem am usefsax yefkan-d tamellit taneggarut, ma yella tmacahut aparlamanit ur tfuk ara. Maca lḥader-a ur yeskessa ara azal n tigawt. Yessefruri-t. Usteqsi ur yelli ara ma Code Noir mazal-it yettawi-d lxeddma di tɣdemt. Ur yezmir ara. Usteqsi d ameqqran: acu ara texdem yiwet n Republique mi ara d-taf belli aɣbalu n tkerḍa-ines mazal-it yella d aḍris azaraf? Acu i d-teqqar ɣef yiman-is mi teḥwaǧ aḍris amaynut iwakken ad tekkes aḍris n lɛubudiya seg takatut tazarft?

Da, azerf ur yelli ara d taɣawsa n tẓuri kan. D takatut yettusuddsen. Iḍrisen iqburen ur ḥekkmen ara yal ass, maca ttcehhiden. Ttcehhiden ɣef wayen tqbel tazwara, wayen tessuddes, wayen tella tettwali d ayen n lḥaqq neɣ d ayen ilaqen. Asefsax n uḍris am wakka ur yettwakkes ara tkerḍa, ur yettara ara i wid yettwaḍerren, ur yesseɣtay ara ass-a s yiman-is. Maca yesseḥbes yiwen n wanaw n tmezgel tazarft. Di tazwara n uzerf, talɣiwin sɛant azal. Qqarent-d anwa i yestahlan acewwiq, ula d uzamul, anwa mazal yettraǧu.

Tilisa d umennuɣ azaraf

Yiwen n wassaɣ gar uzerf, takatut d tɣellist yettuɣal-d di Fransa ɣef umtawa afransis-alzzayri n 27 dujember 1968. Ass n 30 ktuber 2025, Assemblée nationale tqbel taɣtas i yebɣan ad d-issufeɣ amtawa-a. Aḍris yesɛa lqima tasertant, maca deg uzerf isɛa tilisa: taɣtas aparlamanit ur d-telli ara d usefsax n umtawa agraɣlan. Tessebgan-d tawuri, tessers adabu, maca ur tettbeddil ara tmacahut tidiplumasit neɣ tasleḍt n lxeddmat gar sin yidawen.

Amtawa n 1968 yessuddes abrid, tazdeɣt d uxeddim n Yizzayriyen di Fransa d twaculin-nsen. Yekka-d seg umezruy: tazmert n decolonisation, imudduyen n seld akulunyal, aḥwaǧ afransis i ufus n uxeddim, assaɣ afransis-alzzayri, d uḥbes n ufraq n tidet gar timnekra yeɣlin d yiwet n ltabɛa i mazal yeddu. Asemẓi n umtawa-a ɣer "avantage migratoire" kan d asertan, mačči d amennuɣ azaraf s tidet. Maca ad t-nerr d aḍris ur yettwameslay ara fell-as, d tuffra. Amtawa yezmer ad yettwameslay, ad yettwabeddel, ad yettwarnu. Maca ilaq ad yili am uḍris azaraf, mačči d arraz n lmakina n lvot.

Deg da i d-yettban lxiḍer. Mi ara yeqqur umennuɣ ɣef umuddu, amtawa n 1968 yettuɣal d aɣbalu yessahlan. Yettak abrid i users n tuksḍa tamatut ɣef umuddu ɣef Yizzayriyen. Yettak daɣen abrid iwakken ad d-yettwasebgen uḥric azaraf am uɛewwiq mgal adabu n tazwara. Tmacahut tettban d tameẓlit. Aḥraz yettuɣal d "privilège". Amtawa gar sin yidawen yettuɣal d tafellaqt. D tarrayt n tnedbelt s usmekti: ad d-naf aḍris, agraw, takatut, sakin ad nebnu fell-as tamezla n uqareɛ.

Azerf agraɣlan ur yegdel ara abeddel n umtawa. Yessuter talɣiwin. D ayen ur qbilen ara imeslayen n usnerni. Talɣa tettɣawal. Talɣa tettḥettem ad nsemmi. Talɣa tefruz gar usefsax, abeddel, aḥbes d umeslay. Deg umkan asertan yeččur d lɛejla d uzayad, tizegga-a tettwaḥseb d tawaɣit. Maca d minimum n tazwara n uzerf.

Libya, neɣ asekcem n l’exception ɣer berra

Afaylu n Libya yesbeggen-d lqeswa n lmeɛna-a. Di furar 2026, HCDH d UNSMIL sersen-d aneqqis ɣef lxelfan i d-ttwaseklen ɣef iminigren, wid yettnadin talɣa d irewwlen di Libya. Ayen d-yennan d ameqqran: iḥebsan war lqanun, taɛdawit, lxelfan isnanen, axeddim s lqesra, aseqdec n kraḍa, lmuɛamla ur nelli d tamdanit, deg umkan anda mlalen tikliwin n tmeṭṭut, igrawen imeslaḥen, idabuyen s yisem d yimsedghan.

Da ilaq ad naru s lḥader, maca ur ilaq ara ad nerẓi awal. Lxelfan ilaq ad ten-id-nerr ɣer ineqqisen i ten-yessnen. Tamasayt tajenayt n yimdanen tesra tmacahut. Maca tarrayt tasertant tamatut tettwassen: Libya tuɣal d tamnaḍt n useḥbes n tsertit tamuddant n Uruppa d Mediterranee. Ibruḥen ttwagdel, tiḥricin di yilel ttwaseḥfuzent, tuɣalin ttaǧǧant imdanen deg lxiḍer. Ur d-yelli ara d lehlak n tara. D tamacint.

Tamacint-a tettak i tmazɣiwin n Uruppa ad sersent violence berra n wallen-nsent. Talast ur tettwakkes ara: tettwakkes ɣer yilel, ɣer iḥebsan, ɣer yimtawen, ɣer usileɣ n garde-côtes, ɣer idrimen n coopération. Azerf n Uruppa iqqar asylum, dignity, aḥraz mgal lmuɛamla n lqeswa. Maca leɛmal yettwakksen ɣer berra yesnulfu-d tameslayt-nniḍen: gdel ad d-kecmen, ḥbes tifekkiwin, fkeɣ cɣel aberkan i wiyaḍ, sakin ddu s wawal n tɣeḍfent.

Daɣen, azerf ur iɣab ara. Yella deg yimtawen, deg iprotokolen, deg tedrimt, deg ismawen idariyen, deg tmacahut n tuɣalin, deg temnaḍin n tmasayt. Ugur d useqdec-is yemxalafen. Azerf i usenqed n wazal n umdan. Azerf nniḍen i useggem n tukksa. Azerf wis kraḍ i yerran tamasayt d ayen iweɛren. D afraq-a i d-yessnulfun ur n tella ara tɣdemt s lxedma.

Burkina Faso d Chad: taɣellist mgal tilelliwin

Di Burkina Faso, Human Rights Watch, FIDH, OMCT d Observatoire KISAL nndan di yebrir 2026 anerni n uqmaɛ mgal tmetti tadelsant sɣur lḥukuma tameslaḥt. FIDH tennad aɛlan, ass n 15 yebrir 2026, n usefsax n 118 n tdukliwin n tmetti tadelsant sɣur lministère n tedbelt tamnaḍt. Idabuyen uɣalen ɣer lqanun n tilelli n tdukliwin; tdukliwin n yizerfan walant deg waya asmeɣres mgal imukan n uɛassas, n usekles d unqad.

Tamurt tettmagar tagnit n taɣellist n tidet, d tameqqrant, d tameṭṭut. Maca lxiḍer armeslaḥ ur yesseḥbas ara tilelliwin tizuyaz s wudem awurman. Yerna yessutur aḥraz-nsent, acku tagnit n l’exception tettnerni yal ass. Asɣan n taɣellist yeddu s ubrid yettwassen. Di tazwara, yettqaraɛ aɛdaw armeslaḥ. Sakin wid yettwaliyen tarrayt. Sakin wid i d-yessukksen lxelfan. Sakin wid i d-yessuturen tamasayt. Deg yal taggara, tettuɣal tuddsa: ur ilaq ara ad nesderɣel tazwara di lḥerb. Maca tazwara i yettwaliyen anqad am treason ur tettnerni ara. Tettɣimi war aɛassas.

Chad tettak-d lqem nniḍen n useɣlaq-a. Tineḍruyin n 20 ktuber 2022 mazal-it d amkan n lqerḥ. Tdukliwin n yizerfan nndan belli ur tella ara tmasayt s tidet. Human Rights Watch, deg uneqqis n umaḍal n 2025, mazal-it tettwali belli ur d-yettwafhem ara anwa i yellan d ameslay deg uqmaɛ n tmanifestasyonin deg waṭas n temdinin, yerna lqanun n lɛfu yesneɛqes abrid n tmacahut ɣef lxelfan n tneḍruyin-a.

Lɛfu yezmer ad d-yettwasebgen am wallal n usgunfu asertan. Maca yezmer daɣen ad yili d aqfel mgal taɣdemt, ladɣa mi ara yeḥrez tigawin tiɣezzfanin deg uqmaɛ. Comité des droits de l’homme n ONU daɣen yettwali lxiḍer ɣef wamek ara yeqqim lɛfu-a mgal abrid n yiḍraren ɣer tɣdemt. Azerf yettuɣal mgal tawuri-ines. Ur yettawi ara ɣer usefru n tedyanin, ur d-yesskan ara tamasayt, ur yeḥrez ara yiḍraren, ur yesseḥbas ara arbitrary. Yettawi ɣer uɣlaq n ufaylu. D wudem i d-yettbanen n ur n tella ara tɣdemt s yisem n tɣdemt: mačči d aɣib n uzerf, maca d azerf i yessuddsen tatut tazarft.

Ayen i d-qqarent yakk tefyar-a

Code Noir, amtawa n 1968, iminigren di Libya, tmetti tadelsant di Burkina Faso, aqmaɛ di Chad: ifayluyen-a ur mgalen ara yiwen. Ma nsemxallaḍ-iten, d tuccḍa. Maca ma neɣra-ten yiwen yiwen armi ur zemren ara ad mxallafen, d tuccḍa nniḍen. Yal yiwen yeskan-d yiwen n wudem n ugur: azerf ur yettḥaraz ara s wudem amatu. Yettḥaraz mi ara t-yessuter umennuɣ n tɣellist. Yettsefru mi ara t-yessuter umennuɣ n uḥraz. Yettseggem mi ara takatut ur tezmir ara ad tettwarra ɣer deffir. Yesseḥbas mi ara d-yettwasekcem الأمن neɣ السيادة iwakken ad yili uɣlaq n umeslay.

Tamsirt qessiḥet. Republique tezmer ad tessefsax aḍris akulunyal, maca ad teǧǧ tsertit n umuddu i tettexmam ɣef ufran. Tmazɣiwin zemrent ad seɣrent conventions, maca ad sersent leɛmal i yettaǧǧan iminigren deg violence. Lḥukumat zemrent ad d-awint "tudert n tmurt" iwakken ad smeẓẓiyent tilelliwin. Assemblées zemrent ad qblent tiɣtasin n uskan, war lḥukm azaraf. Deg yal amkan, usteqsi ameqqran mazal-it: anwa i yezmer ad yerr azerf mgal adabu?

Da i yettwaqdar dawla n uzerf. Mačči deg usmekti kan. Mačči deg iznan imeqqranen. Mačči deg yiḍrisen i d-ttawin iwakken ad seḥyun aɛdaw. Yettwaqdar deg wamek ara yettwaɛqal uminig i yettwaḥebsen, ammanifestant i yettwaḍerren, amḥami n yizerfan i yettwaɣawalen, arraw n yiḍraren akulunyal, ameydan aberra i yellan ddaw umtawa gar sin yidawen, am bab n uzerf, mačči am tagrumma n "ordre public".

Asefsax n Code Noir yezmer ad yili d tigawt n tɣdemt. Maca ur ikfa ara. Takatut tazarft ur nettwali ara tilisa n wass-a mazal-itt d tin ur nerkid ara. Taɣdemt tebdu mi ara tqbel tazwara ad tekkes iḍrisen iqburen n tkerḍa. Tettuɣal d tin n ṣṣeḥ mi ara teḥbes ad d-tesnulfu iḍrisen imaynuten s yismawen nniḍen.

Yamina Boudiaf