The oil protocols announced between Niger and China are not just about energy cooperation. They raise the question of real control over resources, financing, pipelines, ports, markets and the bargaining power of a landlocked Sahelian state.
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Au Mali, l’enclavement n’est pas une donnée neutre de géographie. Il devient une arme politique dès que les ports, les frontières, les assurances, les devises et les convois routiers entrent dans le rapport de force régional.
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In Niger, access to ICT is not only a matter of connection. It is a matter of state, territory, data and infrastructural dependence.
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In Libya, diplomacy does not pass only through political communiqués. It passes through bases, training, drones, advisers and frozen front lines. Behind Moscow’s and Ankara’s gestures, Libyan sovereignty itself remains negotiated in pieces.
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Libyan oil is again attracting major companies. But in a country where the state remains divided, infrastructure has been damaged by war and rent also feeds opaque circuits, the return of the majors does not automatically mean the return of sovereignty.
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Tanger Med’s success is not reducible to container records. It signals a state strategy: control a position, attract industry, capture flows and turn a port into a lever of regional power.
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Recent attacks in Mali are not only military operations. They reveal a crisis of sovereignty in which each camp seeks to control territory, fear and the narrative of war.
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By announcing withdrawal from the International Criminal Court and the idea of a Sahelian penal framework, the AES is not merely making a diplomatic gesture. It is trying to move the place where political, military and security violence in the Sahel is judged.
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The thaw announced between Paris and Algiers does not remove the Saharan knot. By treating the Moroccan autonomy plan as the central horizon of a settlement, France has not merely changed diplomatic vocabulary: it has chosen a line in a conflict where law, colonial memory and regional interests remain inseparable.
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